Transforming Antitrust Enforcement: How AAG Kanter and Acting AAG Mekki Protected Competition Across the Economy

January 28, 2025 Anti-Monopoly Policies & Enforcement

(Updated January 2025)

In one of his first public remarks made shortly after joining the U.S. Department of Justice, Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division Jonathan Kanter noted “antitrust law enforcement has not succeeded in keeping pace with these massive changes in our economy.”

And just this year, Doha Mekki noted that “[o]ur mission is to resurrect the law as written… and to think about markets as they actually exist.”

AAG Kanter and Acting AAG Mekki have worked to transform antitrust enforcement across the federal government to promote competition and meet the new economic challenges America now confronts. Under their leadership, the DOJ Antitrust Division took aggressive action to protect American businesses, workers, and consumers from powerful corporate monopolies. In AAG Kanter’s words: “Antitrust is for the people.” And the people are winning. 

Enforced Existing Rules to Hold Corporate Actors Accountable

Acted to Break Monopolies

  • The DOJ, along with 39 states, sued to break up Live Nation-Ticketmaster after an investigation revealed the entertainment behemoth repeatedly abused its market power to throttle competition in the live ticketing market.
  • Litigated and won a lawsuit to stop the illegal American Airlines-JetBlue Airways “Northern Alliance,” a de facto merger that throttled competition in air travel and raised prices for travelers. A U.S. Court of Appeals affirmed this decision.
  • Put Google’s online search monopoly on trial, arguing that Google illegally monopolizes search engine services by paying kickbacks worth tens of billions of dollars per year to bribe Apple not to develop a competing search engine and imposing anticompetitive terms on industry partners to entrench itself as the default search engine and exclude competitors. A federal judge ruled that Google is a monopoly that illegally abused its market power to squash competition in internet search. The agency released its remedies framework – which includes breaking off parts of the company or requiring Google to make its search index and certain data available to rivals– to jumpstart competition in general search and search text ad markets.
  • Sued to break up Google’s monopoly over online advertising, requesting that the court order Google to separately divest its various online ad businesses, to protect advertisers, online publishers, and consumers from Google’s monopoly.
  • Sued to stop an industry-wide price fixing scheme by meat processors enabled by agricultural data firm Agri Stats, which operates a data service allowing dominant processors like Tyson Foods and Cargill to collude to sidestep competition and keep prices high.
  • Filed a civil lawsuit against the fifth-largest U.S. poultry processor, Koch Foods, for leveling draconian penalties against chicken farmers who switched to work with rival processors. Entering a consent decree with Koch, the action is part of a suite of actions DOJ is taking on behalf of poultry and other meat farmers and producers.
  • Won the first criminal monopolization case in 50 years against a construction firm that agreed to split markets with a competing company. The DOJ also held the President of the company criminally liable in which he pled guilty for attempting to monopolize the market for highway crack-sealing services.
  • Launched a monopolization investigation into the managed-care industry, which includes healthcare giants UnitedHealth and CVS Health, owner of Aetna.
  • Sued Apple for monopolizing the smart phone market.
  • Launched a probe into UnitedHealth Group’s monopolization and self-dealing.
  • Sued Visa for monopolizing debit network markets by utilizing anticompetitive tactics including giving Apple and others incentives worth hundreds of millions of dollars not to compete and threatening to charge high fees to digital platforms and to merchants and banks if they offer or use competing debit networks. Visa charges U.S. merchants and banks over $7 billion a year in fees, which is ultimately passed on to consumers.

Challenged Anticompetitive Mergers

  • Won permanent injunction at trial, blocking Simon & Schuster and Penguin Random House’s proposed merger, which would have increased consolidation in the industry, limited publishing options for authors, and decreased choices for readers. This was the first merger successfully blocked for its harms to labor.
  • Challenged and successfully blocked at trial JetBlue’s attempt to acquire Spirit Airlines, preserving much-needed competition in the airline industry and preventing fare hikes that result from airline mergers. The win was the first successful challenge to an airline merger in more than 40 years.
  • Stopped the $20 billion mega-merger of software firms Adobe and Figma, who abandoned their deal after facing DOJ scrutiny. The deal would have further entrenched Adobe’s near-monopoly in design software.
  • Won the abandonment of a nearly half-billion dollar merger that would have handed Tenaris SA a monopoly on steel tubing used in oil and gas extraction.
  • Won the abandonment of a billion-dollar merger between two of the four biggest suppliers of refrigerated shipping containers, which would have consolidated 90% of refrigerated shipping container production worldwide, raised prices, and imperiled supply chain resiliency.
  • Also in shipping, stopped a merger of two shipping giants that would have eliminated competition and raised prices for goods and medicine.
  • Won the abandonment of a merger between the two largest producers of pebbled fiberglass reinforced plastic, Grupo Verzatec and Crane Composites, which make up a combined 80% of the market for the most commonly used wall panel in the U.S.
  • Sued to block a merger between two of the three largest producers of residential door hardware, securing a settlement that will help protect Americans’ privacy and security.
  • Won the abandonment of a merger between Fresh Express and Dole – two packaged salad companies – which would have reduced the number of competitors from three to two and raised grocery prices for food that is purchased by 85% of Americans.
  • Won the abandonment of a merger between TopBuild and SPI – two of the largest providers of building insulation products – which would have eliminated head-to-head competition.
  • Accused Assa Abloy of breaching the terms of its settlement agreement governing the acquisition of Spectrum Brands Holding unit by refusing to cover the costs of an independent monitor.
  • Requesting information regarding Colorado ski resort Alterra Mountain Co.’s acquisition of Arapahoe Basin.
  • Sued to block UnitedHealth Group’s acquisition of home health and hospice provider Amedisys. This deal would eliminate competition between the two companies, harming patients, insurers, and nurses.
  • Sued to block Global Business Travel Group’s proposed acquisition of CWT Holdings, which would harm competition for business travel management services.

Pursued Cases Against Price-Fixing, Bid-Rigging, and other Collusive Agreements that Artificially Increase Prices or Lower Wages

  • Resolved a criminal investigation into an illegal generic drug price-fixing scheme by pharma giants Teva and Glenmark, ordering the firms to divest a generic cholesterol drug and pay more than $300m in penalties.
  • Won its first criminal antitrust case against employers colluding to not hire each other’s workers, securing a guilty plea from staffing firm VDA for its use of a “no-poach” agreement to scam caregivers who help special needs children.
  • Sued and swiftly reached a consent decree stopping video game giant Activision-Blizzard from suppressing wages in esports leagues built around its video game properties.
  • Indicted four home health care agencies for fixing the wages of essential workers during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Charged employees of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and multiple private contractors for colluding to steer Caltrans contracts to themselves.
  • Filed and won a case against an individual and a construction firm for colluding to rig bids for public contracts in Minnesota related to construction and concrete repair.
  • Criminally indicted contractors for bid-rigging for several contracting jobs for the Department of Defense.
  • Filed suit against several entertainment firms for colluding to fix prices for DVDs and Blu-Ray discs sold on Amazon Prime Marketplace.
  • Filed suit against a firm and its owner for participating in a bid rigging and price fixing arrangement in the market for commercial flooring services and products.
  • Filed a statement of interest backing tenants filing a class action suit against RealPage, a real estate property management software that the suit alleges acted as a price fixing mechanism for landlords.
  • Alongside ten states, filed a civil antitrust lawsuit against RealPage and some of the largest landlords in America for rigging rental markets through algorithmic price-fixing. The lawsuit also alleges that Realpage monopolizes the commercial revenue management software market.
  • Filed a joint-statement with FTC in a private New Jersey case targeting algorithmic price fixing of hotel rooms.
  • The D.C Circuit allowed the DOJ to reopen its investigation into the National Association of Realtors related to broker compensation and multiple-listing service rules that hinder competition.
  • Prohibited the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from enforcing rules that limited competition for college athletes and restricted their ability to transfer to colleges and universities that provided better opportunities for them.
  • Scrutiny by DOJ forced UnitedHealth Group to abandon two acquisitions that would have allowed the company to further its dominance as the largest employer of physicians in the country.
  • Filed an amicus brief in a private suit by DirecTV against Nextstar for fixing broadcast retransmission license fees.
  • Filed and won a criminal conviction against leaders of a price-fixing conspiracy in concrete markets.
  • Filed a statement of interest in the National Association of Realtors case.
  • Secured multiple guilty pleas against Asphalt Specialists for its role in conspiracies to rig bids for asphalt paving services contracts in the State of Michigan, resulting in over $7.5 million in penalties.
  • Criminally indicted Sioux Erosion Control, its vice president and another employee for a price-fixing conspiracy targeting over $100 million in publicly-funded transportation construction contracts across Oklahoma.
  • Filed and won a criminal conviction against Former Interim President of Puerto Rican steel distributor for conspiring with competitors to fix prices for eight years.
  • Filed a statement of interest supporting healthcare workers in a class action monopsony suit against the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
  • Four executives and a corporation were sentenced for price-fixing, bid-rigging and allocating jobs for ready-mix concrete in Georgia. The DOJ indicted them in 2020. Two executives were convicted by a jury and others pleaded guilty. Now they are  required to pay fines and serve prison time.
  • Alongside the FTC and CFPB, issued a warning to consumers about potential scams and price gouging in the wake of hurricanes and other natural disasters.
  • Four individuals and one company pleaded guilty for their roles in bid-rigging conspiracies for commercial roofing services in Florida.
  • Four individuals pleaded guilty for their roles in schemes to rig bids, defraud the government, and pay and receive bribes in connection with the sale of IT products and services.

Reinvigorated Enforcement against Illegal Interlocking Directorates

Pursued Cases Where Firms Failed to Properly Disclose Acquisitions

  • Filed an antitrust suit against restaurant chain investor Biglari Holdings for failing to disclose its acquisition of voting securities of Cracker Barrel in violation of the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, resulting in Biglari settling for over $1.3 million in civil penalties.
  • Filed a suit against Clarence Werner, founder of Werner Enterprises, an Omaha-based truckload carrier, for failing to disclose his purchases of company stock, resulting in Werner being ordered to pay nearly $500,000 in penalties.
  • Confirmed the DOJ is investigating whether some private equity firms withheld HSR information from antitrust enforcers during deal reviews to avoid the possibility of acquisitions being blocked.
  • Filed a civil lawsuit and proposed settlement with Legends Hospitality Parent Holdings LLC for violating the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act. The company allegedly engaged in illegal premerger coordination with its proposed acquisition of ASMM Global Inc.
  • Took action against crude oil producers XCL Resources Holdings, Verdun Oil Company, and EP Energy for illegal pre-merger coordination or “gun jumping.” The companies ignored the required waiting period before completing a transaction, and as a result are required to pay a record $5.6 million penalty.
  • Sued KKR – a large private equity firm – and over a dozen of its advisors and funds for repeatedly hiding or altering information it was required to report to the government about planned mergers. In an attempt to evade accountability, undermine government efforts to enforce the law, and intimidate regulators and obstruct justice, KKR filed a baseless counter suit against Acting AAG Mekki.

Expanded the Scope of Existing Antitrust Enforcement

Opened Merger Guidelines Review to Small Businesses, Workers, Consumers

  • Along with the FTC, the DOJ updated merger enforcement guidelines, bringing in new learning and evidence discovered by economists, business people, consumers, and scholars over the last fifteen years. The new guidelines better reflect today’s new market realities, articulating the harms of mergers with regard to worker power, labor markets, and the role of private equity in consolidation. The guidelines will help strengthen enforcement against illegal mergers that drive higher prices, lower wages, and less innovation.
  • The new guidelines reflect public input, receiving almost 6,000 public comments – approximately 80x more than a previous merger guideline rewriting in 2010 – from entrepreneurs, small businesses, workers, and consumers who have experienced firsthand the effects of mega-mergers and acquisitions. The comments were overwhelmingly in favor of stronger antitrust enforcement.
  • Along with the FTC, the DOJ also hosted joint listening forums that included grocers, health care professionals, farmers, innovators in biotechnology, media and entertainment, and technology workers, who shared their personal experiences on the effects of previous mergers.
  • Along with the FTC, proposed changes to modernize the merger filing fee process by requiring merging parties to submit more relevant information allowing antitrust agencies to evaluate the effects of a merger more efficiently and effectively. The new filing process takes into account companies’ history of labor law violations.

Reinterpreted Antitrust Policy to Strengthen Enforcement and Promote Transparency

  • AAG Kanter announced his intention to ramp up enforcement of Section 2 of the Sherman Act, which outlaws monopolization and attempts or conspiracies to monopolize a market.
  • AAG Kanter announced that the Justice Department will take a more active role in preventing dangerous bank consolidation.
  • Updated the Department’s “leniency policy,” publicly on the DOJ FAQ page in an effort to promote transparency and encourage whistleblowers to come forward.
  • Filed a joint comment with FTC to the Copyright Office advocating for right to repair regulations.
  • Along with the FTC, launched a public inquiry to identify serial acquisitions and roll-ups, a common private equity strategy and loophole to avoid the regulatory reporting required of larger deals.
  • Issued a joint statement alongside the FTC and European enforcers on AI antitrust enforcement.
  • Withdrew from the 1995 bank merger guidelines and committed to reviewing bank mergers under the 2023 guidelines.
  • Issued a concurrence with the FTC’s unanimous vote to finalize changes to the premerger notification form, instructions, and rules.
  • Alongside the FTC, issued antitrust guidelines for business activities affecting workers. Practices that harm the competitive process of labor, including those that limit worker decision making or abuse employers’ power – such as non-compete, no-poach, and non-solicitation agreements – violate these laws. These replace the 2016 guidelines for human resource professionals, which did not address legality of contract terms between employer and employee.
  • Alongside the FTC, announced the withdrawal of the Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations Among Competitors. These guidelines relied on outdated and withdrawn policy statements, did not reflect current legal precedent, and described safe harbors with no basis in federal antitrust law.
  • Issued a joint statement alongside OSHA which affirms that corporate non-disclosure agreements that deter individuals from reporting antitrust crimes undermine the goals of whistleblower protection laws.

Supported Stricter Antitrust Enforcement on Existing Cases Where Harmful Actors Had Previously Gotten Their Way 

  • Stepped in to favor a narrower view of Major League Baseball’s 100 year antitrust exemption, stating that teams cannot collude in the labor market to suppress wages for minor league players.
  • Issued a brief to support an antitrust case against major universities that violated antitrust law by using a narrow antitrust exemption to colluding with non-exempt universities in determining how much financial aid they will offer.
  • Initiated an investigation into PGA Tour’s anticompetitive policies after the organization excluded players who had decided to participate in rival tournaments. The FTC had previously examined PGA’s policies in 1994, but eventually decided to back off.
  • Called out the crisis in antitrust where paid corporate advocacy is disguised as neutral academic analysis.

Leadership Across Government to Strengthen Antitrust Efforts

Established & Supported Antitrust Initiatives Across Government at the State and Federal Level

  • Following President Biden’s Competition Executive Order, AAG Kanter launched the Antitrust Enforcement for All-of-Government initiative, a new program to win more cases against anticompetitive conduct, transforming the approach to competition policy by law enforcement.
  • Partnered with the USDA to launch a new online tool that allows farmers and ranchers to anonymously report anti-competitive practices in the livestock and poultry sectors, empowering farmers and ranchers in the highly concentrated meatpacking market to ease supply chain issues and lower prices for consumers.
  • Filed amicus brief supporting 45 states in an antitrust lawsuit filed against Meta/Facebook, backing up the state AGs’ claims that Facebook exploited its immense market power to crush competition through a “buy or bury” scheme while becoming a monopoly that harms its users and the public at large.
  • Submitted a joint comment with the FTC urging the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission not to restore a right of first refusal that would let incumbent electricity transmission owners block competitors from bidding to design, construct, and own certain new interstate transmission facilities.
  • DOJ is co-chairing the White House’s Strike Force on Unfair and Illegal Pricing alongside the FTC.
  • Built a first of its kind team in Chicago, Illinois focused on agricultural antitrust.
  • Launched a portal for public reporting of anticompetitive healthcare practices, and a request for information on the impact of corporate greed in healthcare, alongside FTC and HHS. HHS released a report following the RFI, which found that there is increasing consolidation in health care markets, provider consolidation is leading to higher prices and less access, private equity investors are creating “moral hazards” in health care, and people are dissatisfied with private insurers, particularly those that are vertically integrated.
  • Signed a memorandum of understanding with FTC, DOL, and NLRB to enhance the FTC and DOJ’s ability to investigate the impact of mergers and acquisitions on labor markets.
  • Alongside DOT, launched a public inquiry into the state of competition in air travel.

Collaborated With National and International Entities to Target Supply Chain Exploiters